The four enrollment windows
Almost every Medicare timing question comes back to one of these four windows:
- Initial Enrollment Period (IEP) — the 7 months around your 65th birthday (the 3 months before your birth month, the month itself, and the 3 months after). This is the most important window; missing it can mean lifelong late penalties.
- Annual Election Period (AEP) — October 15 to December 7. Switch Advantage plans, return to Original Medicare, or join/change a Part D plan. Changes take effect January 1.
- Medicare Advantage Open Enrollment (OEP) — January 1 to March 31. If you're already on an Advantage plan, you can switch to another MA plan or return to Original Medicare + Part D once.
- Special Enrollment Period (SEP) — triggered by qualifying life events (losing employer coverage, moving, gaining Medicaid, and more), letting you change outside the normal calendar without penalty.
The annual window everyone should use
From October 15 to December 7, anyone on Medicare can change Advantage and Part D plans for the coming year. Even if you're happy, this is the time to have your plan re-checked — drug formularies, premiums, and networks change every year, and last year's best plan may not be this year's.
How to enroll
When it's time to sign up for Parts A & B, you have a few options:
- Online at SSA.gov — apply for Medicare Parts A & B
- By phone — Social Security at 1-800-772-1213 (TTY 1-800-325-0778)
- In person — at your local Social Security office
- With Mere Benefits — free guidance so the timing and paperwork are done right
The late-enrollment penalty
If you don't sign up for Part B when first eligible and don't have qualifying employer coverage, Medicare can add a 10% premium penalty for each 12-month period you could have had Part B but didn't — and it's permanent. Part D has its own penalty for going without creditable drug coverage. Because both are lifelong, getting the timing right the first time matters.
Life events open special windows
Moving, losing employer coverage, qualifying for Extra Help, or entering a nursing facility can each open a Special Enrollment Period that lets you change plans outside the normal calendar. If your life changed, ask — you may have options you don't realize.